But what you see, when you look at any of his actual statements, is not a strategy linking ends, ways, and means, but instead a grocery. Singling out a perceived threat to our end goal of peace does not serve that end. Jdp 001 5th edition iii foreword the purpose of united kingdom defence doctrine ukdd is to explain the military instrument of power and its utility both in and beyond warfare. Encirclement both a strategy and tactic designed to isolate and surround enemy forces. Ike skeltons military history reading list nonfiction 128 books 74 voters general medical officer gmo reading list. According to the 1982 edition, lykke intended for the book to originate. Ends are the objectives or desired outcomes of a given strategy. Ends, ways and means clausewitz was clear about the connection between ends, ways, and means describing them as a paradoxical trinity. A strategy is the guiding principle you use to help you make decisions that link your desired ends with the resources you have available the means and the process you want to follow to get. Other researchers proposed the ends, ways, and means paradigm of military strategy lykke jr. Military thought from machiavelli to hitler, pointed out as early as 1943 that national security strategy has of necessity. It requires that you focus on your ultimate goal and plot to reach it. Grand strategy can be understood simply as the use of.
Levels of strategy grand strategy military strategy operational art tactics aspects of strategy strategy political diplomatic. Strategies may also have a regional focus, a force developmental focus. At the end of the second world war, the term national security came into full usage in u. A noncommissioned officer professional development system ncopds integrated and synchronized in the development of the next generation of competent and committed ncos of character as trusted army professionals capable of thriving in chaos, adapting and winning in a complex world.
Ends and means, second edition angelo codevilla, paul seabury on. It establishes an enduring view of how the army will adjust its equipping processes, organizations, and expectations in a costconscious era of fiscal challenge. Essential to this concept of strategy is the alignment of ends, ways, and means. In this respect, the trinity represents clausewitzs central analytic framework for. Minitheories of military strategy, consisting of the five basic military strategies of extermination, exhaustion, annihilation, intimidation and subversion, are woven together into a coherent military strategy theoretical framework.
Strategy formulation is recognized as both an art and science, and the u. Ends, ways, means, risk strategy is much like a three legged stool of ends, ways, means balanced on a plane of varying degree of risk. His brief description of the trinity comes at the end of book 1, chapter 1 the only chapter we know he considered complete 10 and is presented under the subheading, the consequences for theory 11 see appendix i for full text. The nmss chief source of guidance is the national security strategy document. With a foundation in classic military strategy established, the block next. Professions are defined in part by their bodies of professional knowledge and ukdd is part of ours. The national military strategy nms is issued by the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff as a deliverable to the secretary of defense briefly outlining the strategic aims of the armed services. List of military strategies and concepts wikipedia. All too often, it seems that in many western professional military education institutions strategy and strategy formation have been largely reduced to a simple formula of ends, ways, and means. A national military strategy is usually influenced by civil political and economic decisions. National interests and policy often change over time. This joint doctrine note jdn describes national strategy, defense strategy, and. The establishment of the ends to be attained does indeed call for strategic thinking, but it is separate from settling on the strategy that will realize them.
Art lykke and the development of the ends, ways, means model of strategy, by andrew c. As a result, new strategies or modifications to extant strategies. Art lykke and the development of the ends, ways, means model nsi. Together, strategy and tactics bridge the gap between ends and means figure 1. Its time to end the tyranny of ends, ways, and means modern. Pdf a rmy war college professor and retired colonel arthur f. We believe that mastering ends, ways, and means remains at the heart of strategy. Army mission command strategy page ii executive summary the u.
National military strategy united states wikipedia. Thus, he concluded that a good strategy must be relative to. Army war college guide to strategy edited by joseph r. It is an analysis model used by the military and civilian national security community at the strategic level. Army war college strategy model of ends, ways, and means is expounded on and advocated as a methodology for articulating strategies. Balancing what is described in the following chapters as ends, ways, an d means remains at the core of the army war colleges approach to national security and military strategy and strategy formulation. The responsibilities of setting ends in politicians and people have responsibilities to provide means resources. There are three and only three types of military strategy. Pdf military strategy revisited a critique of the lykke formulation. This keystone publication is part of the core of joint doctrine and. You military professionals must know something about.
As options are selected and plans are refined, the military planning and execution process provides detailed military courses of action. Ends, ways and means in vietnam the leavenworth way of war. Strategy equals ends objectives toward which one strives plus ways courses of action plus means instruments by which some end can be achieved. Thucydides history is conventionally divided into eight books.
Through the tet offensive in 1968, some have argued that the united states did not have a firm strategy in vietnam. Understanding military strategy and the four levels of war. Liddell hart also defined strategy as the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy. It discusses the essential elements of any strategy. Let others get caught up in the twists and turns of the battle, relishing their little victories. Army mission command strategy amcs integrates and synchronizes the ends, ways, and means to implement mission command mc throughout the army. Department of defense defines strategy as a prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, andor multinational objectives. The combination of decreasing defense spending and rapid increases in the cost of new weapons suggests that a strategy for conflict with china should assume limited. Each of the following chapters highlights a major concept used in our strategy formulatio n model. Military strategy revisited a critique of the lykke. Strategies, approaches, results, and issues for congress summary.
Liddell harts definition put less emphasis on battles, defining strategy as the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy. The most critical lesson is the centrality of a full blown strategy of ends, ways, and means which translates national policy into campaigrz and operations which are not completed until the desired political end state is achieved. Additionally, i expose the principles of war as a myth, instead. Popular military strategy books showing 150 of 577 the art of war paperback by. This edition of joint publication jp 50, joint planning, reflects current doctrine for conducting joint, interagency, and multinational planning activities across the range of military operations. For a strategy to be coherent it must logically connect ends, ways, and means. The purpose of this report is to examine russian military strategy and how it was shaped by the 2008 russiageorgia war in order to understand moscows military objectives in the current conflict in ukraine and how it executes cyber, psychological, and so called hybrid warfare against western s tates.
Military strategy revisited a critique of the lykke formulation, the author of the article explores current understanding of ends, ways, means, and risk to create a new formulation for developing a strategy toward a political end state. Basic thinking in the united states air force, 1907 1960 policy, strategy, and doctrine. Resources are allocated or deployed and then employed in the course of executing a given strategy so as to realize the end in view. Ends, ways, and means find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Thus, strategy equals ends plus ways plus means lykke jr. In fact, one may almost say that the air force has developed an oral rather than a written tradition. Army war college strategy model of ends, ways, and means is expounded on and advocated as a methodology. Though much has been written about the gulf war, little has specifically addressed the practice of operational art and some of the key execution decisions relating to that practice. Edward mead earle, in the seminal work on modern strategic studies makers of modern strategy. In other words, strategy is about ensuring that the appropriate means were available to achieve the ends or goals with the ways. The resultant resourceinformed plans balance strategic and operational ends, ways, and means with understood assumptions at acceptable risk in pursuit of policy objectives. Enkulette a strategy used often in the jungle that aims at attacking the enemy from behind. This publication is available at united states army.
This general concept can be used as a basis for the formulation of any type strategy military, political, economic and so forth, depending upon the. Introduction this white paper describes the ends, ways, and means to achieve an effective and affordable equipping strategy for the army. As the british strategist and military historian basil liddell hart famously observed, strategy is the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfil the ends of policy. Lykke was not the first or only theorist to put forth an ends, ways, means way of looking at strategy. Strategy grand strategy is the art of looking beyond the battle and calculating ahead. Yet despite all of the debate surrounding the term, strategy ultimately concerns the relationship between military means and political ends. Having in the foregoing chapter ascertained the complicated and variable nature of war, we shall now occupy ourselves in examining into the influence which this nature has upon the end and means in war if we ask first of all for the aim upon which the whole war is to be directed, in order that it may be the right means for the. Although air officers have not been prolific writers, they have expressed their beliefs freely.
A thesis submitted for the degree of phd at the university. In business, as in the military, strategy bridges the gap between policy and tactics. With our general concept of strategy as a guidestrategy equals ends plus ways plus means we can develop an approach to military strategy. This book explores the causes, operations, endings, and justifications of war. United states army war college department of national security and strategy. It is convenient and concise, short enough to fit cleanly onto a powerpoint slide. It focuses on the development of nationallevel military strategy and how the military instrument of power is used, in combination with the other instruments of national power, in pursuit of policy objectives. Army field manual 50 claim that while each plan is unique. This simple construct is most complex when put into practice. Ways are concerned with the various methods of applying military force.
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